Adolescent Eating Disorders Essay -- Health Weight Obesity Anorexia Es

Adolescent Eating Disorders With children as early as age 7 present dissatisfaction with their form, and as young as 9 starting dieting, eating disorders are a serious issue in our society. Taking a look at perceptions, behaviors, and medical issues associated with the disorders of anorexia and bulimia, scholars have tried to categorize and find answers to the problems which certain adolescents suffer. In this paper I focused on the two major eating disorders of anorexia and bulimia. In 1978, Brunch called anorexia nervosa a new disease and noted that the condition seemed to overtake ?the daughters of the well-to-do, educated and successful families.? Today it is acknowledged and accepted that anorexia affects more than just one gender or socio-economic class however, much of the current research is focused on the female gender. ?Anorexia nervosa is characterized by extreme dieting, intense fear of gaining slant, and obsessive exercising. The weight loss at last produces a varie ty of physical symptoms associated with starvation sleep disturbance, cessation of menstruation, insensitivity to pain, loss of hair on the head, low blood pressure, a variety of cardiovascular problems and reduced body temperature. Between 10% and 15% of anorexics literally starve themselves to death others die because of some type of cardiovascular dysfunction (Bee and Boyd, 2001).?Bulimia nervosa is a slightly less serious version of anorexia, but sess lead to some of the same horrible results. Bulimia involves an intense concern about weight (which is generally inaccurate) combined with frequent cycles of binge eating followed by purging, through self-induced vomiting, unwarranted use of laxatives, or excessive exercising. Most bulimics are of normal body weight, but they are preoccupied with their weight, feel extreme shame about their abnormal behavior, and often experience significant depression. The occurrence of bulimia has increased in many Western countries over the past few decades. Numbers are difficult to establish due to the shame of reporting incidences to health care providers (Bee and Boyd, 2001). galore(postnominal) scholars have employed a variety of research methodology to try and answer the questions of Why do some adolescents resort to extreme measures to resolve their problems? What can be done to improve the current state of the situ... ... changes of puberty, which may be interpreted as ?getting fat.? Encourage an active lifestyle. This needn?t involve create athletics necessarily, but rather any movement ? walking, dancing, biking ? that is pleasurable enough to do everyday.ReferencesBee, H. and Boyd, D. (2001). Physical and cognitive development in adolescence. Lifespan Development. 3ed., 292-293.Brunch, H. (1978). The Golden Cage. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Elkins, W. L., Cohen, D. A., Koralewicz, L. M. and Taylor, S. N. (2004). After enlighten activities, overweight, and obesity amoung inner city youth. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 181-189.Fouts, G. and Vaughan, K. (2002). Locus of control, television viewing, and eating disorder symptomatology in young females. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 307-311.Gross, S. and Cinelli, B. (2004). Coordinated school health program and Dietetics professionals Partners in promoting healthful eating. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 793-798.Muise, A. M., Stein, D. G., and Arbess, G. (2003). Eating disorders in adolescent boys A review of the adolescent and young crowing literature. Journal of adolescent Health, 33, 427-435.

The American School System: A Rough Road Ahead :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The American School System A Rough Road Ahead on that point are many similarities and few differences between E.D. Hirschs Why Americas Universities Are Better than Its Schools, and Benjamin grooms America Skips School. The master(prenominal) purpose of both articles is to address the fact that Americans fall far behind in the scholastic accomplishment of their young students. Mutually, the two authors agree that American K-12 students uplift more each day outside of the classroom than they do inside the classroom, and that the schools need serious reform. Barber focuses his attention on the financial situation of the schools, as well as the political standpoint that the government just does not care, and the American government has simply given up on its children. Hirsch tackles the idea that if our K-12 schools conciliate with their current level of teaching, it is only a matter of time before the institutions of higher learning will no longer be considered among the best in the world. At the present time, it seems as though Americas youth have been placed into a category for which they are no longer looked upon as a bright future for our nation as was considered in the past, as Barber has commented, Jefferson thought schools would produce free men we prove him right by putting dropouts in jail (159). Children today are becoming more street-smart, and feel that there is no need for true knowledge. For example, Knowledge is considered less sought after than more practical all-purpose goals such as higher order skills, self-esteem, metacognitive skills, and critical- computeing skills (Hirsch 144). They see it as much more important to look at what indian lodge rewards its pile with, and that seems to be anything but a good academic background. In todays culture, the people who are praised in America are the people who are able to make millions of dollars by performing music, acting in front of the camera, playing a sport, and un fortunately in some neighborhoods, selling drugs. Barber concurs that When the society undoes each workday what the school tries to do each school day, schooling cant make much of a difference (157). Our students think in terms of what is going to bring them to the peak of the success mountain in this great motherland where everyone has equal opportunity.

Swimming :: essays research papers

The sun sleeps as the desolate city streets await the morning rush hour. Driven by an inexplicable compulsion, I enter the expression along with ten other swimmers, inching my way toward the cold, dark locker room of the Esplanada Park Pool. One by one, we slip into our still-damp drag suits and make a sick(p) dash through the chill of the morning air, stopping only to grab pull-buoys and kickboards on our way to the pool. Nighttime temperatures in coastal California dip into the laid-back forties, but our pool is artificially warmed to seventy-nine degrees the temperature differential propels an eerie column of steam up from the waters surface, producing the spooky ambience of a werewolf movie. succeeding(prenominal) comes the shock. Headfirst immersion into the tepid water sends our hearts racing, and we respond with a quick set of warm-up laps. As we finish, our coach emerges from the fog. He offers no hail-fellow-well-met accolades, just a rigid regimen of sets, intervals, and exhortations. Thus starts another workout. 4,500 yards to go, then a quick shower and a five-minute drive to school. Then its back to the pool the afternoon training schedule features an additional 5,500 yards. Tomorrow, we start over again. The objective is to cut our times by another tenth of a second. The end remainder is to achieve that tiny, unexplainable difference at the end of a race that separates success from failure, greatness from mediocrity. Somehow we accept the pitch--otherwise, wed still be deep in our mattresses, slumbering beneath our blankets. In this sport, the antagonist is time. Coaches spend hours in specialized clinics, analyze the latest research on training technique, and experiment with workout schedules in an start out to defeat time. Yet there are no shortcuts to winning, and workouts are agonizing. I took part in my first swimming race when I was ten days old. My parents, fearing injury, directed my athletic interests away from ice hockey and in to the pool. Three weeks into my new swimming endeavor, I somehow persuaded my coach to let me enter the annual historic period group meet. To his surprise (and mine), I pulled out an A time. I furthered my achievements by winning Top 16 awards for various age groups, setting club records, and organism named National First Team All-American in the 100-Butterfly and Second Team All-American in the 200-Medley. I have since been elevated to the Senior Championship level, which means the competition forthwith includes world-class swimmers.

The Metamorphosis as a Depiction of Franz Kafkas Life Essay -- Kafka

The Metamorphosis as a Depiction of Franz Kafkas LifeThe Metamorphosis is said to be one of Franz Kafkas best works of literature. It shows the difficulties of funding in a modern society and the struggle for acceptance of others when in a time of need. In this novel Kafka directly reflects upon many of the negative aspects of his individualised life, both mentally and physically. The relationship between Gregor and his amaze is in many shipway similar to Franz and his father Herrman. The Metamorphosis also shows resemblance to some of Kafkas diary entries that depict him imagining his own extinction by dozens of elaborated methods. This paper will look into the text to show how this is a story about the authors personalised life portrayed through his dream-like fantasies.Franz Kafka grew up in a financially secure Jewish family in Prague. He spoke German and was neither a Czech nor German due to his Jewish upbringing. Born in 1883, he was the eldest child and the only son. He lived his life in the shadow of his ascendent father under constant pressure to take over the family business. Kafkas father viewed Franz as a failure and disapproved of his writing because he wanted Franz to become a business man like him. This obsession with wanting Franz to become a businessman led Herrman to beat his son. Franz Kafka died on June 3, 1924 from tuberculosis of the larynx.From the moment we meet Gregor Samsas father we are shown how short tempered he is. He came on, hissing like a wild man when Gregor first exited his room in his new put forward as a bug. Gregors father chased after him with a cane and newspaper making a hissing noise that annoyed Gregor. Just this rush here shows how alike Mr. Samsa and Herrman Kafka are. Kafka was... ...appened so often during the times he was trying to write, it happened unknowingly.When comparing Franz Kafka and his personal life to The Metamorphosis it is obvious in more ways than one that he was writing a twisted story of his life. The emotional and physical abuse Gregor goes through are similar to what Kafka went through in authentic life. They were both abused and neglected by their fathers when they were disappointed with them. Kafka uses Gregor transforming into a bug as a way of exaggerating himself, trying to express his feelings and point of view. When writing, Kafka felt as if he was trapped in his room which he referred to as the noise headquarters of the apartment. Gregor was an exaggeration of this because he could not leave the house to evade the noises and abuse.Works CitedKafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Mattituck Vanguard Press, 1946.

Girls who Cried Witch in The Crucible Essay -- Arthur Miller

In The Crucible, the author, Arthur Miller, conveys what he believes Senator Joe McCarthy is doing during the Red Scare. The Salem Witch Trials were real events, while this play uses these trials and adds a fictional twist to show a point. Witchcraft was punishable by death during this time. Once names started flying in town it was like a chain reaction, people were accusing others of witchcraft because they were not fond of them or they had something they wanted. Some definitions state mass hysteria as contagious, the characters in this play deemed it true. In this play, innocent people were hung because some of the girls in town cried witch.To start from the beginning, Abby, Tituba, and the girls were out in the forest one night, dancing, and were caught by lofty Paris. Abby blamed Tituba for calling the Devil. Tituba then said it was not her, for there are many witches in the community. Tituba named some of the towns women as witches. From here, Abby got the idea to tu rn on Elizabeth of being involved in witchcraft. In addition, the chain reaction of mass hysteri...

Girls who Cried Witch in The Crucible Essay -- Arthur Miller

In The Crucible, the author, Arthur Miller, conveys what he believes Senator Joe McCarthy is doing during the Red Scare. The Salem Witch Trials were true events, trance this play uses these trials and adds a fictional twist to show a point. Witchcraft was punishable by death during this time. Once names started flying in townsfolk it was like a chain reaction, people were accusing others of witchcraft because they were not fond of them or they had something they wanted. Some definitions state mass hysteria as contagious, the characters in this play deemed it true. In this play, innocent people were hung because some of the girls in town cried witch.To start from the beginning, Abby, Tituba, and the girls were out in the forest one night, dancing, and were caught by Reverend Paris. Abby damned Tituba for calling the Devil. Tituba then said it was not her, for there are many witches in the community. Tituba named some of the towns women as witches. From here, Abby got the i dea to accuse Elizabeth of macrocosm involved in witchcraft. In addition, the chain reaction of mass hysteri...

Ethical Dilemma: Donna and Wilma Essay

AbstractIn this paper, you will be able to gather how to harbour professional values, codes of ethics, and decision-making model to the process of ethical decision-making. I chose to look at ethical dilemma number 4. In this dilemma, a clients confidentiality has been breached collect to her counselor. The first approach is for me to identify the problem and apply the ACA code of ethics. I hence identify the moral principles and list all doable courses of carry out that could betake. besides list all possible offsprings for each action that could be taken. I then carefully review, after which I chose what I debate to be the intimately accurate course of action for this scenario. So lastly I will take you step by step of how this action plan will be implement.Ethical DilemmaI chose to review ethical dilemma 4. Where Wilma, a counselor in a community agency, has been working with Donna for several months for anxiety and misgiving disorder. On multiple occasions, Wilma has gi ven Donna homework to complete between sessions that has non been completed by Donna. This past week, Wilma sees Donna again in session and assigns her some to a greater extent homework. Later that week, Wilma and a friend go out to dinner. Wilma looks up to see that Donna is her waitress. Frustrated with Donnas lack of effort with her homework and in an effort to declare Donna accountable, Wilma decides to inquire if Donna has done her homework and says, Donna, I am glad I ran into you. Have you done your homework since our last session? I chose to review this event ethical dilemma because this is something that could easy happen to any professional, if you fail to think before you speak. It can even be done with no ill intentions. til now this could possible destroy the client and counselor relationship that has been built. The problem with this hypothetical ethical dilemma is that the clients confidentiality was broken and relationship boundaries were crossed. This is an ethi cal and possible a good problem.It is an ethical problem because the clients confidentiality was broken when Wilma inquire if Donna had been working on her homework from their last session. It can also become a profound issue if Donna pursues it. This can become a major problem as it relates to the Wilma and the agency that she works for because the clients confidentiality was broken. Donna could contact the agency that Wilma is employed for, or even contact the state board of counselors. The ACA code of ethics coers any ethical issues that a counselor maybe faced with. While reading all over the ACA code of ethics confidentiality privileged communication and solitude was coved in great detail. Respecting Client Rights was defined as counselors maintain awareness and sensitivity regarding cultural meanings of confidentiality and privacy. Counselors look upon differing views toward disclosure of information.Counselors hold ongoing discussions with clients as to how, when, and wit h whom information is to be shared ( ethics & Professional Standards, 2005). In the case with Wilma and Donna , Wilma was not sensitivity regarding Donnas privacy. Wilma was having dinner with a friend and Donna was at work. That was not the right time to address anything that they had coved in a counseling session. According the ACA codes of ethics Wilma did not give birth respect for privacy or respect for confidentiality for her client. The ACA code of ethics defines respect for privacy as Counselors respect client rights to privacy. Counselors solicit private information from clients only when it is beneficial to the soothe process (Ethics & Professional Standards, 2005). It is also stated that respect for confidentiality Counselors do not share confidential information without client consent or without sound legal or ethical justification (Ethics & Professional Standards, 2005).I believe that it a counselors main moral principle is loyalty to their clients and honoring their commitments to them. In this case Donna believe that anything that was discussed in their counseling sections would remain confidential. in that location are state and national organization That work to assist clients and professional counselors in fetching the appropriate legal and ethical steps. The American Counseling Association provides free confidential professional/ethical consolations to members of the ACA. If a counselor is advice they van contact the ACA Ethics and ProfessionalStandards Department to set up appointments. Counselors can also contact their state LPCA to receive information regarding the proper protocol for certain cases (Ethics & Professional Standards, 2005). There are several strength course of action in this case. Any course of action that would be taking would be fully up to Donna in this case. Donna could ignore the comments that Wilma made to her. Donna could talk to Wilma, and draw out that she didnt instruct how she addressed her personal issues in front of a foreigner and while she was at work. in addition let Wilma know she would appreciate if she wouldnt do that again.After Donna address this issue with Wilma she could chose to keep her as her counselor or ask for a raw counselor. Donna could also consult another(prenominal) counselor to determine the best course of action to take against Wilma. Lastly, Donna could contact ACA for legal and ethical advice regarding breach of confidentiality. For each potential course of action there is a potential consequence(s) and implications for each chose. If Donna choses to ignore the comment that Wilma made to her, there will not be any consequence for Wilma. However there could be potential consequences and/or implications for Donna. If Donna ignores the comments, Wilma may keep to making statements. If Donna talks to Wilma, and express that she didnt appreciate how she addressed her personal issues in front of a stranger and while she was at work, this could help. The conseq uences of this course of action could be beneficial to both Donna and Wilma. It could be beneficial to both parties, Wilma will see that she breached her clients confidentiality and Donna will have the chance to express how that made her feel. This could help rebuild the trust that was lost do to Wilmas lack of professionalism it could also help Donna with her anxiety. If Donna consults another counselor to determine the best course of action, this could be very important in this case.By discussing this with another counselor can help Donna gain a better insight as to how to handled and move forward with treatment. Lastly if Donna contacts the ACA board for legal and ethical advice, this could have major consequences for Wilma and the agency. Wilma will most likely be fined or even have her licenses revoked. I believe that the best course of action in this case would be for Donna to talk Wilma, and express that she didnt appreciate how she addressed her personal issues in front of a stranger and while she was at work. I believe this is the best course of action only because Wilma did not go into detailabout what the homework consisted of. Although Donna confidentiality was breached, no significant information was exposed, other then the fact that she sees a counselor. I dont believe that is would be necessary for any legal action to be taken. I do believe that Donna should inform another member of the agency of what happened and the course of action that she has chose to take in dealing with dilemma. The selected course of action does not present any new ethical problems in my eyes. I believe that Donna has covered herself in all areas. If Donna talks to Wilma and also consult another counselor in the agency, this should eliminate any potential ethical problems.After reviewing all possible courses of actions and consequences, I believe the most beneficial option would be to for Donna to talk Wilma, and express that she didnt appreciate how she addressed her pe rsonal issues in front of a stranger and while she was at work and consult another counselor in the agency. I applied the test of justice, publicity, and universality here are my findings. Justice In this case choosing to consult Wilma with this dilemma it will help Wilma be more aware of confidentiality of her clients. Publicity In the public eye Wilma is not acting ethically. catholicity The course of action that Donna has chosen (addressing Wilma and consulting another counselor in the agency) would be a great recommendation for other people put in akin(predicate) situations.There are certain steps that Donna has to take in order to implement this course of action. First, Donna needs to consult the other counselor that works for Wilma agency. Donna should have a sit down conversation with this person and go over each detail of the event that happen on the night she was working. Also Donna should express the course of action that she wants to take to handle this case. Lastly Donn a, Wilma and the counselor that Donna informed of the incident should all have a sit down conversation. Donna can then explain to Wilma how she felt and the lack of professionalism. Wilma and Donna are both being protected in this case because there is a three person there to over see the conversation and take notes that can go into Wilma and Donna records.ReferencesChappell, C. (2013, July 1). Virginia Board of Counseling . Retrieved November 15, 2013, from Virgunia.govwww.dhp.virginia.gov/counseling/counseling_law_regs.htmEthics & Professional Standards. (2005). Retrieved November 15, 2013, from American Counseling Association www.counseking.org/knowledge-centr/ethics

Racism: Black People and New York Times Essay

I think everybody has heard about(predicate) separationism. We all know about how everybody used to say separate but equal is okay. I think that racism is still liberation on today, even though it isnt as obvious. Its a disease that a lot of people save, which we must amaze a cure for. Its a teeny-weeny harder to cure than the universal cold though, but I think that its serious as bad as it used to be. The first example of racism is when they are going to the trial in the book, To Kill A Mockingbird when Scout, Jem, and Dill are going to the trial and trying to find a seat in the balcony it says, .. . and steered us gently through the black people in the balcony. Four Negroes rose and gave us their front-row seats. (Lee 164) This is a good example of racism because it shows that blacks had to stand if whites wanted to posture down. So it shows separatism. Another quote is, The colored balcony ran along three walls of the courtroom. Like a second veranda (Lee 164) This says that there was still a lot of segregation because it was unspoiled a colored balcony. Thats the only place blacks were allowed to sit or they could stand in the back.One more quote that I have from the book that says racism was, and still is a problem is, But somewhat here once you have a drop of Negro blood, that makes you all black. (Lee, 162) I really think that this is a strong quote, because I think that its true. If some wholeness doesnt like one group of people and then they find out that your slightly one of them. They automatically push you away. My reasoning for them doing this is because they are either scared or jealous of them. It also says that people dont try to get to know people very well.Lots of people did and still do make judgements based on outward appearance. In this paragraph, Im going to prove to you that racism still exists, just as bad as it did in the 1930s. Even though there isnt segregation anymore racism is still a problem. People are racist mainly a gainst blacks. Like this article says, . . . 88 black men have been penalise for killing whites, while only two white men have been executed for killing blacks. (New York Times, February 24, 1995. A prospicient History. Laws once gave penalties by race.)It shouldnt social function what your skin color is depending on how severe your punishment is. Another article says, . . . when blacks committed crimes against each other without involving whites, the legal consequences wee lower than when whites were harmed. (New York Times, February 24, 1995. A Long History. Laws Once Gave Penalties by Race. ) This one shows that once whites were involved the crime suddenly got a lot worse than they were making it. I think that with some demonstration from the book that shows how it used to be.Then some proof of how it has been in the last few years, I think that anyone can clearly see that racism is just as bad as it used to be. My solution to the problem of racism is very hard to do. It i s known as a disease, but this isnt one we can take some medicine for and cure it. This is one we have to teach. Racism is not caught, but taught. We have to teach each other that it doesnt matter what we look like on the outside, but its whats on the inside that counts. How do we teach this?We can go to schools all around the country. Do a lot of different public speaking sessions. That is how I would cure racism. So in conclusion, I hope that I have positive(p) some of you that racism is just as bad as it was in the 1930s. You can plainly see that Harper Lee, even as a little child could see that racism was going on. Then it was a little more obvious, but we still need to realize it. Just because racism is just as bad as it was before doesnt mean that we cant change that.

Professional Development Plan Essay

Part IA Description of Personal and Professional GoalsFrom a very early age, I was encouraged to attend college by my pargonnts, my grandp arents, and a beloved uncle. They each taught me that obtaining an rearing, particularly a college education, was a privilege that had not al cautions been afforded to people of color and that it should not be taken for granted. They also taught me that education was the best way to attain great success, no matter how I chose to define success. It did, however, take some clip before I fully lowstood what they so stormily attempted to in unruffled in me. It was not until I began working at Johnson C. Smith University (JCSU), in an environment of academia, that I understood the value and importance of education, and the incredible impact that being part of a acquisition environment has on a young mind. I have been well-off to be able to lend oneself the management skills I learned from my undergraduate studies and through various employment opportunities by and by obtaining a masters arcdegree in business regime. I have enjoyed my ingests working in the business field, as respective(a) as they have been, and would love to teach business administration at the university level. I would comparable to pursue a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) degree so that I may be considered an authority within the business field and perhaps teach at JCSU as an adjunct professor. Eventually, both my degree and my experiences give do me in achieving the long-term goals that both my husband and I share of direct a non-profit organization for children and a for-profit security business. Our combine goals are far-reaching and our desire to see them accomplished is passionate. I enjoy managing people, withalts, and pops.I have discovered that I enjoy and am very good at deviseing and executing objects that make it easier for early(a)s to achieve theirobjectivewhich is ultimately the definition of management. That is why I esteemed to design my own concentration within Walden Universitys doctorial curriculum that depart combine financial management and leadership skill courses. I also wish to simultaneously obtain my certification as a Six Sigma abusive Belt. According to the Ameri throne Society of Quality (2008) A Black Belt should lay out team leadership, understand team dynamics and assign team member roles and responsibilities. Black Belts have a thorough understanding of all aspects of the DMAIC model in accordance with Six Sigma principles. They have basic k instantlyledge of flex enterprise concepts, are able to identify non-value-added elements and activities and are able to use particular pro daub tools. (para. 1) The Walden University outcomes for graduates that I trust are most relevant to my overlord goals as a DBA candidate are to understand and continuously develop and neuter themselves, the organizations in which they work, and bon ton of magnitude at large create juven ile knowledge dedicated to the improvement of social conditions, and to positively impact society by putting that knowledge into exert, by modeling their learning through action, and by being civi gripey engaged . . . achieve professional excellence as active and influential professionals by applying their learning to specific problems and challenges in their work settings and professional practice . . . and practice in their professional fields legally and ethi look toy. . . . (Walden University, 2008c) These outcomes are directly aligned with my professional and individual(prenominal) goals. Because of the look in which Walden University has chosen to cultivate professionals and the reputation it has in the e-learning environment, Walden was my beginning(a) choice in education options. Part IB Outline and S.W.O.T. AnalysisStrengthsI have some(prenominal) susceptibilitys that I believe allow for be instrumental in obtaining a Doctor of Business Administration degree. Two gre at strengths are the completion of my bachs and masters degrees. Both degrees are in areas of business in which I have great interest, and that interest has grown with each new professional position that I have obtained. Immediately after completing my bachelors degree, I worked as an economic services worker (ESW) for the westerly Virginia Department of Health and gracious Services. Iworked heavily with financial synopsis in order to determine the eligibility of applicants for state and federal programs. I enjoyed the financial analysis side of the position but could not bear witnessing the immense poverty of the clients I served in western Virginia. This position brought light to both a strength and a weakness that I possess. I truly enjoy helping some others and working with finances and budgets. However, I have a weakness for enabling individuals to slide by in their plight by doing for them instead of assisting them achieve independence. During the time that I worked as an ESW in the West Virginia welfare system, I was truly an enabler. I was prompted to permit the position for that reason. I set in motion additional strengths in learning intimately ethics and compliance in business in my next professional position, as I worked my way up to the position of manager in a compliance call condense. I benefited from great grammar skills and obtained additional editing and leadership skills.This position also increased my interest in compliance, particularly as it pertains to corporations and their finances. These interests will no doubt have a large impact on my doctoral studies. The call kernel management position taught me invaluable skills in managing people of various temperaments and learning how to be creative in getting results from a diverse group of individuals. I obtained great time management and crisis management skills as rise up that I keep with me and that have shaped my leadership skills. It is these skills that I desire to teach to other young business leaders, in addition to valuable business skills. In my real position as a grants manager and ripening officer, I get along attempt on a frequent basis for faculty and staff who wish to write grants that are congruent with the universitys strategical plan. These research skills will most assuredly be invaluable during my doctoral studies. Additionally, the research resources at my disposal will be a great asset. condense from family and friends is essential and it has been given to me unconditionally. It is from this support that I frequently draw strength. However, my primary reasons for not allowing defeat to overtake me when it could have in the past are my both sons. They are my most precious accomplishments, and I will see them succeed in their dreams by instilling in them the promise of education that was instilled in me by my family.WeaknessesStatistical Analysis has always been my least favorite business course. Each time I have survived Stati stical Analysis with an admirable grade, but because I have not mastered it, I still fear it a little. I know that I will need to call upon resources at the university where I work for tutoring assistance during my doctoral program in hopes of finally mastering Statistical Analysis. It is my desire to become comfortable and proficient with statistical tools because it will be important for both my academic and professional progression. To be successful in my pursuit of a doctoral degree, I must minimize my propensity to overload my plate with t drives just because I have the ability to do it, knowing full well I do not have the time. At my topical place of employment, I am called upon frequently to do things like fix a simple problem with the particle printer or a computer, go away reports, or complete an administrative task because I can get it done quickly, even though it may be someone elses indebtedness. Although my intentions are honorable, I am enabling others not to co me and am hindering my own efforts. Quickly recovering from errors made will also be a necessity. I cannot afford to brood over failures because it does not benefit my progress in any manner. Practicing these corrections in self-awareness will be no sub payabled task for me.OpportunitiesWith a masters degree and now a doctoral degree in my future, opportunities are abundant. I am optimistic, even in this current economy with thoroughgoing unemployment, that if I do not obtain a promotion at the university where I currently work, I may still have a future in an academic setting. It is my desire to bring caliber improvements and greater excellence to Johnson C. Smith University, but the proposal that I am currently developing regarding a persona of character and excellence is a model that will work in most academic settings.The opportunity to complete research that may be published is also a possibility because I work in academia and because of the nature of my job as a developme nt officer. I have had one piece published in JCSUs quarterly magazine, and it is my desire to have an article published in a scholarly journal through connections with the university. Our current university president encourages scholarly writing, and when given theopportunity to write, whether for research or for advancing my financial position, I will cling to it.If permitted to continue down my current employment path, I believe there will be opportunities for fellowships, which are so rely needed. The American Association of University Women, the National Black MBA Association, and the American Management Association, all offer unique fellowship opportunities to members who have applied themselves and show excellence in their profession.ThreatsThe opportunity for fellowships is extremely important in my effort to obtain a doctoral degree because financial debt from funding my education is mounting. Ironically, the university where I work does not offer any casing of tuition as sistance toward a graduate degree. It is my hope that I can supplant future loans with fellowships from one of the organizations mentioned above, including any offered by Walden University.In addition to mounting loans, the current economy is weighing heavily on my family budget. Ordinarily, I would be prompted to action by finding some other way to bring income into our household. I am now demand to depend upon my spouse for that additional support, something I am used to doing myself. Financial sacrifice is not the just now burden I have determined on my family. With deuce children, one with a medical need that requires additional attention in order for him to be successful, I must again rely heavily on my spouse to do what I would be more(prenominal) comfortable doing myself.I will put to work those leadership and management skills I obtained during my call center days in order to appropriately deal with what counts to be increasing political posturing by some of my colleag ues. It is still a little difficult for me to believe that anyone would be threatened by my ambitions. However, I must be careful to consider that it as a possibility. The business earthly concern is very competitive, but I assumed because I did not work directly in the corporate world that I would be safe from that type of political environment. I will work to reassure my colleagues that my dedication to ethical behavior will not permit me to ruin another coworkerfor my own professional gain.Part IIA Description of Educational Background and Research Proficiencies Academic ExperienceI was fortunate to enter West Virginia State University, at the time called West Virginia State College (WVSC), with a full academic scholarship that included room and board. I was also awarded the U.H. Prunty Scholarship, which enabled me to purchase books during all four years that I go to WVSC. During my undergraduate experience, I became a well-rounded student through participation in activities s uch as the NAACP and the WVSC Ambassadors, a faculty/staff-nominated designation where students represent the university and endure guided tours to visiting donors and potential students. I also participated in the Pre-Alumni Club and raised money through volunteer efforts with my sorority that we donated to a local womens aegis called Sojourners. During 1992, my sorority sisters and I were honored with the prestigious Ethel Hedgeman Lyle Community Service Award by Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. for our community service work. The work we did during that time not only humbled me and inspired me to give buttocks, but also showed me the true meaning of philanthropy and charity.My academic performance during undergraduate school was not stellar, but my experiences combine with my upbringing instilled within me a desire to press further academically. My learning continued, although sometimes not within the traditional academic setting. I attended seminars with method and, in 2000 , earned my licensure as a life and health insurance agent in ultimate pursuit of a financial analyst move through Primerica Financial Services. I did not complete the training to become a financial analyst. However, I did learn a great deal about financial tools and gained a fail understanding of budgeting, saving, and what life insurance is truly for. I am still using most of the tools I gained during that time to perform many of my current duties as a grants manager. It took another 13 years after receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration before the academic momentum returned and I was veritable at Strayer University during the fall of 2006. My graduate school experience at Strayer University fared much better but was actually far more challenging. I combined distance learning with the tremendous tasks ofmaintaining my family life as a married mother of two school-age children and working full-time as a development officer and private grants manager at JCSU. I excelled at Strayer, even with these challenges, and found that distance learning was the perfect academic venue to work with my hectic lifestyle. The courses that invoked keen interest were the classes involving strategic policy analysis, despatch management, and research analysis. It is not surprising that my interest in and enjoyment of these classes were integral to my high performance in these classes in particular. I was cautioned that distance learning require additional discipline in order to be successful in any area of study. I became partial to distance learning because of the flexibility it offered me as a working adult, as clich and commercial as that may seem. Difficult courses, such as Quantitative Methods, seemed no more difficult through the use of the electronic blackboard system than being physically in the classroom. The use of this online tool in the distance-learning litigate was ingenious and fun. Our professor demonstrated classroom methods electro nically in real time and we were able to ask questions of him in real time. It is a tool I hope to assist in bringing to the continuing and adult education program that is being naturalized at JCSU.Research ExperienceResearch is essential to the duties I currently perform as a development officer and private grants manager at JCSU and an important aspect of the grant-writing process. With the utilization of online tools, I seek potential donors, individuals, corporations, and foundations that will support the universitys strategic goals. I have used Internet tools to research the wealth of individuals who have a relationship with our university, rated their wealth based upon a system that we created for stewardship, and stored the culture in a database that the data analyst and I maintain. I research the philanthropic interests of both corporations and foundations and compile the information in profiles that I present to our faculty and staff so that grant proposals may be scripte d to fund the universitys objectives. I also research spending trends of sister organizations to determine whether the spending habits of our voice are congruent with what the institutional Advancement divisions of other universities are spending. This information has been vital to our divisionvice president and his mission to complete our divisions and the universitys strategic plan. As a requirement of the MBA degree that I obtained at Strayer University, I completed a directed research project (DRP) concerning whistleblower auspices laws titled Whistling in the Wind A Study of the Travails of Whistleblowers and the Protection Offered to Them. These research efforts began at the onset of my MBA program in September 2006 and were completed in May 2008. The scope of the project was to deliver an 88-page research project surrounding a problem that I chose to identify. Required within the research document was an abstract, an introduction that included the context of the problem, a statement of the problem and the sub-problems, delimitations, definitions, assumptions, significance of the study, research design and methodology, an organization of the study, and details concerning the qualifications of the researcher. Also, the DRP had to contain a review of literature, data analysis, and an explanation of the treatment of the data, as well as the conclusion of the research and my recommendations based upon what was found during the research. I relied heavily on the Strayer University online library system, which gave me access to countless university library systems across the country. I also utilized the library at Johnson C. Smith University as well as libraries in Charlotte when I needed hard-copy documents.The basic goals of the project were met in that I completed the DRP in the structure and the length that was required and gained invaluable experience with regard to completing online aspects and interviews of some famous professionals. I received an A on the project, which was preferably a stressful undertaking. I chose the subject because it involved ethics in business practicesa subject that has intrigued me since working in a call center that was dedicated to protecting employees, the organizations they worked for, and the organizations shareholders. I began early, researching famous and infamous whistleblowers, such as Sherron Watkins of Enron. I had substantial information for the literature review. I seemed to develop a problem when it came to breaking down the main problem into sub-problems and found myself redefining the sub-problems as I furthered my research into the topic. One of the major problems I encountered during the process was attempting to devise a rational, objective survey that adequately procured the information that I was attempting to obtain without bias. I also hadproblems finding enough people to complete the survey for an appropriate sample. In retrospect, I would have solicited advice from professors at JCSU during the process instead of relying only on the resources at Strayer University. It is believed that the analysis of the results could have been done more professionally and efficiently if I had received the results of my survey and interview questions sooner than I obtained them. I was not satisfied with the results because I do not believe that my research significantly contributed to the information that was already acquirable concerning whistleblowers. It is my desire to focus on contributing to the knowledge base and providing information that was not readily available prior to my research. The DRP was an important project to complete because it demonstrated the complexity of not only researching a problem, but the importance of syntax needed to present the information in a coherent, acceptable manner. During my doctoral studies, I would like to focus on how to appropriately analyze the research that is obtained in order to make a significant contribution to the res earch within a particular subject.Work/Other ExperienceMy employment experiences, while always encompassing management, have been quite diverse. Websters Menswear, now defunct, was where I had my first management experience. As the third key manager, I performed inventory counts nightly of the merc snuff itise that retailed for more than $100. I was amenable for running the nightly sales reports, the supervision of other sales associates, and of course, the sale of merchandise. This experience was really my first real full-time employment experience, so it was even more gratifying to be performing work that was included in my course of study. I continued working at Websters Menswear until approximately hexad months after receiving my bachelors degree. Because the hours I was scheduled to work were based on sales, which were not exceeding our goals, and there were no benefits, I began looking for other employment. The management experience at Websters did engage my creativity. I as sisted customers in selecting apparel and it gave me my first experience with sales reports and the consequences of not meeting the demands of the strategic sales plan. Immediately following my work experience at Websters Menswear, I secured another management role with the West Virginia Department ofHealth and Human Resources as an economic services worker. In this case management role, I determined the initial and continuing economic eligibility of applicants for state-funded Medicaid, food stamps, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children. My experience in this arena of management was no distinguishable than one would expect from a usual servants role. The work was difficult, tiring, and frustrating, and the caseload immense, always exuberantly more than statistics had shown one person should be handling. It took 2 years until I finally succumbed to the tremendous pressure of attempting to serve an economic population that I myself just lost(p) being part of by about $200 pe r month. I left the declining economic plight of West Virginia behind in July 1997 and headed to Charlotte, North Carolina, where I found another opportunity and my current life. In July 1997, I began working for Pinkerton Services Group, Inc. as a communications specialist (CS) in a compliance hotline call center. There, I was able to enhance good interviewing and excellent writing skills as a CS.This opportunity is also where I became interested in whistleblower protection issues, compliance, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Within six months, I had progressed to the role of management again as a quality assurance supervisor in the call center. Our call center grew quickly during the early 2000s with the beginning of the demise of Enron, MCI WorldCom, and Adelphia. Most of the corporate giants were scrambling to obtain a way for their employees to alert the company of improprieties and to comply with new, emerging laws to protect the universal and company shareholders. I was promoted as the call centers operations manager during 2001. In this management role I gained experience doing many different tasks that included, but were not limited to, payroll for approximately 50 employees, order tracking and maintenance of call center supplies, call evaluations of communications specialists, monthly evaluations of quality assurance supervisors, monthly statistical reports on the quality of Workplace Alert Reports, and daily communication with executives of vendors whom the company served.With the expansion of the call center, the roles of key management violence were redefined. We divided the call centers quality management team into two groups, manager of the communications specialists and manager of the quality assurance supervisors. I was designated as the quality assurance manager over the quality assurance supervisors, the last title I held before leaving theorganization in February 2004. On February 1, 2004, I joined the staff at Johnson C. Smith University, the only historically black college and university in Charlotte, North Carolina. I sought this change for two reasons. The compliance center where I formerly worked split from Pinkerton Services Group and formed a separate company, Global Compliance Services. Many things began to change and the environment was no womb-to-tomb stable. Additionally, I was the only manager on call 24 hours a day to address any issue that arose in the call center. After broad birth, being on call 24 hours a day was no longer conducive to maintaining a stable family life. For the first time since obtaining my degrees, I accepted a role that did not appear to involve managing individuals. In the role of office manager and executive assistant to the vice president of institutional Advancement, I did maintain and even enhance some management skills. This assignment required me to be more team-oriented. I became the administrative right hand for a division that included Alumni Affairs, Foundation Relations an d Private Grants, Corporate Relations, Public Relations, Development, and the Vice Presidents Office.This role gave me the opportunity to become adept with budget management and analysis as I was given the responsibility of managing nine budgets. I also became proficient with fundraising software, the Raisers Edge, which was crucial to the divisions success. As the office manager, I became at one point the data analyst and was then responsible for training a new data analyst. We shared the responsibility of database management and reporting. Three years later I was promoted to my current position as the divisions development officer and private grants manager. I well-kept the responsibility of the divisional budgets and learned different skill-sets, including research, grants administration, and grant writing. While quite adept at research and grants administration, I have yet to write a grant that has been funded. It is my hope that JCSUs new president, Dr. Ronald L. Carter, will s ee the need for a budget analyst, as I have proposed to him, and promote me to this new assignment. Eventually, I would like to work in the capacity of professor at our university. I hope to use all of the skills that I have acquired through previous employment, which seem now to all be interrelated, in order to advance the mission of the university. Experience with issues of compliance that I gained in the call center, writing and editing, managing budgets,analyzing financial information, combined with my DBA, are all expected to advance my career as a senior-level executive at Johnson C. Smith University. It was initially my desire to use my doctoral project to advance an initiative at JCSU that involves infusing Six Sigma Quality measures in each area of our business, particularly with how we approach education. Because of our current culture and some resistance that I have received from senior-level executives when attempting to propose new ideas, I shied away from this idea. Ho wever, after completing recent assignments, reading about the intent of the doctoral project and how it is intend to interrelate to a candidates work environment, I would like to attempt this initiative at JCSU and use this research platform for my doctoral studies. It was David Johnson (2005) who tell that the outcome of the research is designed to provide valuable insights to the sponsoring organisation, in addition to contributing to knowledge in the field of practice. In this form of doctorate and then research is a tool in developing professional practice (p. 88). I would like my doctoral project to pertain to the following question How can Six Sigma or Lean Management Quality measures be implemented within JCSUs education and management systems to advance the universitys strategic and quality enhancement plans?Part IIIA Individualized Plan of StudyThe date that has been projected as my anticipated graduation date for my Doctor of Business Administration degree is October 26, 2012. Courses such as DDBA 8110 Business Operations Systems Perspectives in Global Organizations DDBA 8120 Information Systems Global Management Strategies and Technology DDBA 8130 Marketing Strategic Innovation in globally Diverse Markets DDBA 8140 Finance Fiscal Leadership and DDBA 8150 Leadership Building Sustainable Organizations were all waived, giving me a total of 15 credit hours toward the 60 required for my degree completion. I have chosen to design my own specialization. It is my desire to combine the finance and leadership specializations in order to create a program that will prepare me for a future that includes teaching business courses at Johnson C. Smith University as well as leading the operation of both for- and non-profit businesses. The descriptions under the specialization of finance, particularly the idea that managers can maximize their firmsvalue speaks to specific skills that I must acquire in order for my plan of success to work (Walden University, 2008a). I want to be an agent of change within whatever organization I work for, not just for the interest group of change, but change that is positive. The leadership specialization will help me to obtain this goal (Walden University, 2008b). I intend to take DDBA 8523 Seminar in Law and Compliance, DDBA 8541 Seminar in entrepreneurial Finance, and DDBA 8522 Seminar in Sustainability. During the spring 2009 semester, I will be registered for courses DDBA 8160 Business Strategy and Innovation and DDBA 8427 Applied Research MethodsQualitative and Quantitative (currently I am enrolled in courses that my evaluation indicated would be waived). The next course that is required is DDBA 8437 Quantitative Decision-Making in Professional Practice. I will take this course with one of the three required DBA specialization courses mentioned above.These two courses will be completed during summer 2009. During the winter 2009 session, I will take the final two specialization courses. There will be a re quirement of 20 hours of doctoral study completion courses that will be taken four credit hours at a time for five semesters. With no anticipated breaks within my course of study, I anticipate my completion date to be during spring 2011 instead of the projected October 2012 date. There are two 4-day residencies required for the DBA degree program. It is recommended that the first residency be completed within 90 days of completing DDBA 8005. I will complete my first residency March 18 to 22, 2009, in Lansdowne, Virginia (Walden residency calendar, 2008). The next residency will be completed after completion of my core courses during 2010. The focus of my doctoral project will involve incorporating Lean or Six Sigma Management into higher(prenominal) education. It is my hope that I will be able to implement the Lean design into the curriculum and the management practices at the university where I work after completion of the research on this subject. It is my belief that my fellow co lleagues would describe me as a tenacious problem- processr, an optimistic leader who believes there is a solution to every problem. I am always open to constructive criticism and self-improvement. I seek to improve with each obstacle that I overcome. I am also willing to offer constructive criticism to others and have learned the art of how and when to do so professionally and with tact. I like to incorporate humor, where appropriate, in much of what I do because I trulybelieve that in order to solve most problems, one must have a sense of humor. These personal skills, or life skills, have come with maturity and much trial and error. I believe each of these skills will be essential to my ability to excel in the Doctor of Business Administration program as well as being integral to my future professional endeavors.Part IIIB Professional InterviewEvelyn Leathers is the director of Corporate and Foundation Relations within the Institutional Advancement division at Johnson C. Smith Uni versity. My goal in interviewing Ms. Leathers was to get an in-depth understanding of what role this division will play in the mission of the president, Dr. Ronald L. Carter, in JCSU becoming Charlottes very own nationally-recognized independent urban university (Carter, 2008, p. 2). It is my intent to understand what policies may be improved within that department and ultimately the division in order to improve to the level of quality that Dr. Carter intends for the university to fulfill the proposed vision. The role of the Institutional Advancement division is to support the university financially through philanthropic solicitation, community involvement, and improved public relations. For this reason, the division includes the departments of Development, Corporate and Foundation Relations, Grant Research, Alumni Affairs, and Public Relations. The division plays an integral role in that it provides money that is not earned through tuition. When enrollment is down, the Institutiona l Advancement divisions role becomes even more vital. Ms. Leathers, who has served JCSU in several different capacities through two separate terms of employment, remains allegiant to the university because she is passionate about the human investment, the students (E. Leathers, personal communication, declination 14, 2008). There are many historically black colleges and universities that are currently experiencing financial duress due to a number of factors. According to Ms. Leathers, the university has survived and prospered due to the quality of the Institutional Advancement division and the universitys relationship with The Duke Endowment (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). Johnson C. Smith University is fortunate enough to be one of four universities to be included as a beneficiary of The Duke Endowments mission to serve higher education by promoting academic excellence (The DukeEndowment, 2007). The Duke Endowment provides financial support to schools li ke JCSU in order to foster excellence in individuals so that they will be inspired to share with the community what they have gained through education (The Duke Endowment, 2007). Although JCSU has exercised fiscal responsibility, Ms. Leathers is convinced that without The Duke Endowment, the university would not be successful, particularly in todays extreme economic climate (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008).The nation is currently experiencing a recession, one that is predicted to last at least until late 2010. Ms. Leathers proposes that her department, Corporate and Foundation Relations, will need to become creative, selective, and savvy in order to remain afloat and remain aligned with the universitys mission (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). Creativity will enable the division to utilize initiatives that corporations and foundations will support financially, such as incorporating green initiatives into capital building plans. Selecti vity means that the university will not go after or accept just any grant offered by a foundation or corporation. Ms. Leathers explained that sometimes fulfilling the conditions offered by a funder can be costly to the university (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). Proposals must be carefully reviewed to ensure that the university is not taking on a financially burdening project. The Institutional Advancement division must also be savvy and shrewd in its business dealings in order receive the most return on the investments made by its public relations staff, its development officers, and all of its financial solicitors (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). In todays economic climate, more than ever, quality in our available functions becomes very important to the success of the university.The department of Corporate and Foundation Relations will practice quality in its operations by going back to the basics of fundraising, traveling smarte r and only within the region to conserve resources, and focusing on research efforts more heavily (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). These efforts will assist Dr. Carter with fulfilling the universitys goal of infusing quality where needed to become one of Charlottes elite, premier universities. Ms. Leathers explained that foundations and corporations do not give to people, but to causes. If the university, and the Institutional Advancementdivision in particular, focuses on quality programs and eliminating waste, corporations and foundations will be prompted to give to the universitys cause (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). One of the most critical areas within the Institutional Advancement division that could use an infusion of quality is the universitys enterprise management system. Ms. Leathers stated that quality reporting is essential to development, grant writing, and research (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 200 8). All staff must be trained to use the system efficiently in order for the division to be effective and practice quality. Once all staff becomes proficient with its operation of the enterprise management system, it will translate to quality in most areas of operation (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). Ms. Leathers is able to draw strength from understanding that the mission of the university is to provide a quality education to our most valuable assets, the students.Soliciting funds from foundations and corporations during a recession is not easy and sometimes not enjoyable, but necessary (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). Ms. Leathers stated that the outcome will be positive and anticipates it will take another five years before the university realizes benefits from quality initiatives that are just beginning under the new administration of Dr. Carter (E. Leathers, personal communication, December 14, 2008). Ms. Leathers and I discuss ed a retell from John B. Duke, founder of The Duke Endowment Education, when conducted along sane and practical, as opposed to dogmatic and theoretical, lines, is, next to religion, the greatest civilizing influence (Duke, 1924). In addition to agreeing that the quote is profoundly accurate, we share the hope that the same sentiment will be fostered within the generation that we are educating at JCSU. Because Ms. Leathers is my immediate supervisor, her input during this interview lends insight to the deputation she gives me on a daily basis. It also forced both of us to contemplate what changes are needed within our own department to work hand in hand with Dr. Carter to promote his vision for the university. There is additional work to be done in order for the two of us to engender change within our department. The questions proposed and the answers provided will assist me in further developing my doctoral study regarding quality and how one might incorporate Lean and Six Sigma into higher education.ReferencesAmerican Society of Quality. (2008). Six Sigma Black Belt certification. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from http//www.asq.org/certification/six-sigma/index.html Carter, R. L. (2008, Fall). Presidents letter. The Johnson C. Smith University Bulletin, 2. 88-99. doi15.555/GGE.64.1.76-82 Duke, J. B. (1924, December 11). Indenture and deed of trust of genius establishing The Duke Endowment. Retrieved from The Duke Endowment website http//www.dukeendowment.org/downloads/ind.pdf The Duke Endowment. (2007). Higher education. Retrieved December 14, 2008, from The Duke Endowment website http//www.dukeendowment.org/education Johnson, D. (2005). Assessment matters Some issues concerning the supervision and assessment of work-based doctorates. Innovations in Education & Teaching International, 42(1), 8792. Retrieved from http//proquest.umi.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/pqdweb?did=1157097371&sid=1&Fmt=6&clientId=70192&RQT=309&VName=PQD Laureate Education, Inc. (Produce r). (2010). Name of program Video webcast. Retrieved from http//www.courseurl.com. Walden University. (2008a). Walden University DBA finance specialization. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from Walden University website http//www.waldenu.edu/Degree-Programs/Doctorate/18391.htm Walden University. (2008b). Walden University DBA leadership specialization. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from Walden University website http//www.waldenu.edu/Degree-Programs/Doctorate/18427.htm Walden University. (2008c). Walden University outcomes. Retrieved November 9, 2008, from Walden University website http//www.waldenu.edu/c/Student_Catalog/8893_9096.htm

Philosophies from Aquinas, Augustine, and Irenaeus and other theologians Essay

The study of religion and philosophy is infinitely confronted with the problem of worthless and its broad association to perdition. In facing this debacle, there is a tendency for religion to deny the hu macrocosms phase of diabolical and clearly explicate that it is a mere event in the undeveloped minds of lot. Religion may excessively uphold that there is a competent competery between evil and commodity as evil batch be considered as a rival authority, containing power equal to the betoken good. It stick out also be derived that evil is the imperfect cooperation in the good explained under the presence of a deity deemed as omnibenevolent and omniscient.Some response concerning the evil include that debates which inculcate that the true free leave al whizing domiciliate non be established without the possibility of evil. This intellection can be translated to the whimsey that humans be not able to understand and comprehend divinity, that ghostly growth and develo pment necessisitates suffering and that evil is the impact of effect of the f all in allen and break up world. Many disciplines deal attempted to provide a concrete definition of evil and loathsomeness and the proposed assumptions on the connection of evil to dark befuddle encountered denials plan of attack from other scholars.In this paper, multiple philosophies and valuable insights concerning the association of evil to intrude go out be explored. The teachings of Thomas Aquinas, Irenaeus and Augustine and of others will be discussed in order to mold evil and hell on earth, describe the relationshipof evil to delinquencyfulness, and to explicate the difference and the causality of criminality and evil in the contemporary world. This papers central focus is on the inquiry every evil is the pits, but is every sin evil? The Teachings of Thomas Aquinas on curse and violate The concept of evil by Thomas Aquinas and his entire miscellany of philosophy atomic number 18 n aturally grounded upon the teachings of the St.Augustine who created a philosophical theological position on evil. Evil is an English noun that is usually used today to describe anything that is undeniably horrendous, particularly in the aspect of human behavior. However, Thomas Aquinas regularises that the term evil has more inclusive brain than evil does for people. According to Aquinas, we argon dealing with evil whenever we argon faced by whatever can be survey of as a crusade of falling short. For Aquinas, there is no evil substance in the world and neither paragon nor man creates evil.In saying this Aquinas proves that the world is created and governed by a perfectly good God who is also omnipotent and omniscient. This teaching negates the argument of humans who say that each time some of the good stray outdoor(a)s from an object wherefore it is evil. Aquinas says no this argument by declaring that no evil exists materially. Aquinas explicates that human existences are wholly good but gift the tendency that some of their goodness will be removed. Aquinas strongly argues that there is a serious sense in which it can be thought of as lacking in being. Take for instance the thought of Adolf Hitler as wholly good.This example may raise several(prenominal) criticisms since Hitler has enjoyed being a sign of the zodiac name for evil, but it is to illustrate Aquinass concept of evil caused by the removal of good. For Aquinas, Hitler is good- he has competent brain, his physique is complete, and he almost bares affinity to God. But Hitler has some of his goodness removed when he tries to rule the world with tyranny. According to Aquinas, evil is there single in the sense that something is missing. Aquinas continues to say that what is not there cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. In this sense, Aquinas follows Augustines thought and says that God can never be the cause of evil because evil is not an actual t hing but the absence of a good that ought to be present. What causes people to be rotten is the gap between who they are and how they should be but are not. Aquinas points rules out his concept of evil by illustrating that there will be no badness unless there goodness yet there can be goodness without any badness. In the aspect of sin, Aquinas writes that it is not the disobedience of irrational authority, but it is a violation of well-being.According to Aquinas, heologians may describe sin as an act againts God and philosophers may signify it as opposed to antecedent, but it is St. Augustine who aptly defines sin. Aquinas explains that it is more accurate to define sin as being adverse to the eternal law rather impertinent to human reason, especially since the eternal law includes many things beyond the scope of reason, such as matters of faith. Even though Aquinas is an advocate of the philosophy of Augustine, he recognizes that the Augustine sometimes talks only about will in describing sin.Aquinas explains thaat the exterior act, which is the veruy substance of the sin, is evil itsefl and thus it is necessary to include exterior acts in the definition of sin. However, Augustine and Aquinas both agree that the sin is evil because it harms and diminishes natural good. Aquinas takes into consideration the application of the natural law. According to Aquinas, when it is said that all sins are evil but not because they are prohibited, that prohibition is understood as an act of lordly law. Aquinas emphasizes that since the natural law comes fron the eternal law and acts of positive law are derived from the natural law, then all sins are evil. It is argued by Aquinas that evil is the privation of good and an individual can identify the cessation of privation by what is left after(prenominal) such action. In this idea, Aquinas is stressing that what re importants of good after every sin is the same, since there remains after every sin the very constit ution of the soul and the freedom of choice by which humans can choose good and evil. Aquinas tells that all sins are equal and are evil. The focal point of Aquinas in saying that all sins are evil and that all sins are equal is the only main source capable of commanding humans what they ought to be. As a theologian, Aquinas gives emphasis to God as the main source the nature and eternal and divine law. Aquinas says that since all are the same in turning away from God, all sins are equal. For Aquinas, every sin is evil because it is a deviation from reason and law. Aquinas describes sin as having no cause because it has the nature of evil.It has been discussed earlier that evil is the removal of goodness whats is lacking in humans as a wholly good. Aquinas emphasizes that what is missing cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. The same goes for sins. This concept cods both sin and evil as original which thrive on will that act against reason and di vine example law. Same with evil, God can never be the source of sin. Likewise evil can never be the cause of sin. In this sense, the evil of punishment serves as the sequel to sin. He compares evil of ill-doing to sin and declares that they have no difference.In saying that sin has a cause, Aquinas is quick to clarify that such cause is not necessarily a cause for sin can be impeded. This musing denotes that if there should be a necessary cause for sins, then people will keep on making sins since there is a cause inherent to them that makes them commit sins. Such notion echoes the perspective of Aquinas on whether sin has an internal cause. Aquinas argues that if sin has an internal cause, then man would always be sinning and since it has a cause, there will always be an effect. Aquinas also defines sin by mentioning virtue.Aquinas says, But sin is evil because it takes away virtue. Therefore, all sins are equally evil, since every one of them equally takes away virtue. Aquinas thinks of sins as contrary to virtues and that all virtues are equal. Therefore, Aquinas reaffirms that all sins are equal. He also come up with the idea of malice that is the equalizer of all sins. Aquinas says that sin has malice in relation to turning away from God. This trace in relation to the deviation from God states that circumstances tag the malice of sins as being more serious.Aquinas adds that if circumstances should themselves have malice, they constitute species of sin and if they should not in themselves have any malice, there is no reason why they should make the sins more serious. On the on the hand, the diversity in sins that other arguments are pointing to is a mere presentation of morally indifferent genus. Overall, Aquinas writes that all sins are evil in a sense that they both result in being unnatural, the failure of the natural rule that man ought to observe and obey. Evil and Sin According To AugustineMany of St. Augustines teachings on evil substantiate Aquinas concept. They both believe that the immutable God created only good things and He exclusively is the source of all being. Augustine negates all forms of theological and metaphysical dualism and puts great emphasis on God who is wholly good. According to Augustine, there is no dualism existing in the problem of evil. The thought of evil as not a being, a thing, or substance or entity liberates him from the Manichaean dualism,the belief that there exists both justly beings, the good and evil.He realizes that all the God created are metaphysically and ontologically good in their being. He proposes that if evil were a being, a thing or an entity, then the problem fo evil will not be solved because it has a source. If the evil comes from God, then God is not all good and if it does not come from God, then He is not the powerful creator of all things. Augustine says that God is a spiritual and not a corporeal being and he rejects Manichaeisms materialistic dualism but embraces a different dualism between corporeal and spiritual beings, with God, angels, and human soul falling into the latter class. Upon rejecting the Manicheism and its simple concept on the origin of evil, Augustines obliges himself to establish an alternative solution to the origins of evil and starts to proclaim that evil represents a free deviation from God and is not a positive entity in its own right. All of the works of the immutable Creator of men are revelations of Gods nature and therefore, all of His works are of wholly good. twain Augustine and Aquinas believe that evil does not come from God.In his struggle concerning the confusion over evil, Augustine further says that the evil is not something that is completely real biut only fragment that is dependent on that which is absolutely real. According to Augustine, evil is not a thing or substance but he is aware of its existence and that it can be divided into three kinds. Metaphysical evil is the lack of mans perfection not be cause of his given nature but because they all fall short of complete perfection that only God can obtain. This is not actually considered evil. The second kind is the physical evil that is the privation of a certain perfection because of nature.This kind is being justified by Augustine together with the other theologians as under the jurisdiction of the general order of nature. The third kind if the moral evil, the only real evil. It is a sin or an act opposed to the will of God. The source of the moral evil is the faculty of free will in which man is able to turn away from the right order and deviate himself from the will of God. Augustine says, sin is so voluntary that there is no sin unless it is voluntary. He implies that there needs to be an act of moral will in any sin or the consent to turn away from God and to His will.Augustine emphasizes that moral evil is truly a sin for there is a consent. Sin settles itself in the free will, option, bearing, and the motion of the sou l, which instigates a wrong order into the world. Evil is nothing but a privation of good until at last a thing ceases altogether to be. An evil will is a kind of will that deviates away from God, the creator. Moreover, Augustine says that it is a disordered love and will, the wrong conformity to Gods will. The writings of Augustine on sin are associated with his Christian definition of evil.Augustine defines sin as the movement or the deviation of will endowed to humans away from God. He furthers his discussion of sin by stating that God can never be the author of sin just as He can never be the source of evil. Such movement of the human will away from the God the Creator is also referred by Augustine as the misdirection. According to him, as there is a misdirection on evil will, there is also a misdirection in the aspect of sin. Augustine explains that sin is therefore an error or untruth and based upon the misconception of what is good for us. Augustine says that when people cho ose to sin, they must have an intention of obtaining goodness or getting rid of something bad. He suggests that sin is more than an intellectucal error, it is the misdirection of the will. Augustines musing on sin as the misdirection of human will is demonstrated in mans pursuit of happiness or pride. Augustine notes that pride is the an appetite for inordinate exaltation,it when the soul cuts itself from the Source to which it should keep reason out and somehow makes itself and becomes an end to itself. Augustine continues that inordinate exaltation takes place when the soul is inordinately pleased with itself, and such self-pleasing occurs when the soul falls away away from the unchangeable straightforward which ought to please the sould far more than the soul can please itself. He also validates his definition of sin by saying that what the people do for the pursuit of goodness ends in something negative or bad , and what people do in making things good ends in just making t hings worse.Augustine explains this paradox by writing that except that the happiness of man can come not from himself but only from God, and that to live according to oneself is to sin is to lose God. This paradox explicates that sin is the possibility of man to focus on himself rather than on the all-knowing God. It is therefore suggested that, based upon the writings of Augustine, not all sins are considered evil collect to the categorization of evil involving nature. Irenaeus On Evil and Sin Little is known about Irenaeus and his works are mostly generated fromScriptures and the biblical domain.The understanding of sin establish in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons has some contradictions when compared to the dominant Christian perspective influenced by Augustine in the fifth century. Irenaeus of Lyons interprets Genesis as the disobedience of man with Adam playing like an impulsive child. Irenaeus thinks of sin as pains and errors which grow. He says that there is no such a th ings as original sin or viciousness that man inherited from his forefather, Adam. It is seen that he has a different view of the mans fall compared to the teachings of later writers particularly Augustine.This idea posits that Irenaeus thinks of of the fall of Adam and Eve is not a rebellion against God the Creator but is a concrete illlustration of the failure of man to rise to greater heights and that humanity does not lose its original perfection. His view concerning the fall of the humanitys forefatther raises many questions as it does not seems to be based on Scripture but it is derived whole from his rational interpretation. He further suggests that the without loss of life and the presence of evils, humanity will not repent. Unlike, Aquinas and Augustine, Irenaeus imparts that evil comes from God.In this idea, it is clearly manifested that Irenaeus upholds that the appearance of evil is of righteous purpose. According to him, the elements which appear evil, like death are p lanned by God. He says, it is for this reason therefore that Paul calls Adam himself the pattern of the one to come because the Word, the artisan of the universe, had sketched out in advance, in order to prepare the ground for himself, the future plan of the human race in its relation to to the password of God, with God first of all establishing natural man order, quite obviously, that he might be saved by spiritual man. In the said notion, Iranaeus outlines two distinct phases. Iraneaus writes that the creation of humanity comes first, secondly comes its perfection through the incarnation of the Son, Christ Jesus, who transmits the Spirit of the whole human race. It is evident that the advent of Christ is the mend purpose behind the creation of Adam. It is written that Irenaeus does not identify evil with sin. It is because he acknowledges the two types of evil.The first type is the physical evil that Irenaeus refers to as arising from the nature of the creature for its is cod to the opposition of contrary forces or to the sequences of events that obey natural laws what seems to be an evil in the short run is a good on the cosmic. According to Irenaeus, the second type of evil is the moral evil that he considers as sin. He declares that this type of evil is sin because it arises from the jealousy of Satan and or certain angels who lured Adam into transgression. Influenced by the writings of Johannine, Irenaeus defines sin as the condition of human existence rather than a collection of individual actions. According to Irenaeus of Lyon, moral evil is to be considered as a sin because it reflects Gods original design that is move man into the test. This type of evil is generally accounted for mans free will and his ability to discern right from wrong. Irenaeus says that God had foreseen the angels sin as well as that of man, including the consequences, and he had okay it. Iraneaus places sin in history and writes that the fall of man is the gradual spre ad of evil because of the inevitability of personal sin, not as a particular alternate in the human nature. Moreover, Irenaeus has made a comparison between the natural person and the perfection of the person to describe sin. According to him,body and soul constitute a natural person while the perfect human being is made up of body, soul and spirit. The inclusion of Gods spirit is the essence of Irenaeus idea of the redemption.People have been redemeed and have been saved so that they may flourish into what God wants them to be. For Iranaeus, not all sins can be considered as evil as man is not accountable for some existing evils such as those coming from the natural disasters known as natural evils. The only evil that can be deemed as sin are the moral evils caused by the selfishness of humanity. Sin and Evil According to Other Theologians Lactantius is one of the Christian thinkers to respond to the problem of evil and sin referring solely to Gods laws.According to Lactantius, th e chief good of the humanity is not to be found in the theories of the philosophers, for these have to do things ordinary to animals as well as humans or things not available to all humans. He refers to the one and true God as the chief good and the things which meant to satisfy the body that perishes as not good at all. For him, pleasure, power and wealth are not good and anything and the disobedience of Gods laws are evil and sin. Reinhold Niebuhr belongs to the category of formative Christian moral theorists. He says that sin is inevitable but not necessary. He furthers his explannation of sin by stating that the temptation to sin lies in the human situation itself. Niebuhr stresses that the will and freedom endowed to man is the basis of his creativity and it is also his temptation. While Irenaeus declares that people need evil to spiritual grow, Niebuhr upholds his realist theory that people do not need sin and no perfection can completely liberate human beings from the real ity of sin. Walter Rauschenbusch is included into the throng of thinkers who deal with the importance of sin in salvation.According to him, when we undertook to define the nature of sin, we accepted the old definition, that sin is selfishness and rebellion against God , but we insisted on putting humanity into the picture. He further explains that the description of sin as selfishness will be accepted for as long as the humanity is perceived as a great solidarity with God thriving on it. He emphasizes that if sin is selfishness, then mans selfishness consisted in a selfish attitude, in which he was at the centre of the universe, and God and all his fellowmen were means to serve his pleasures, increase his wealth and set off his egotisms. He also rescue the dosctrine of the origin of sin from literal interpretations by recognizing the active sources of sin in the later generations and in the contemporary period. He was criticized upon recognizing that both goodness and sinfulness c an be determine by social environment. Rauschenbusch explains that what can be evil is dictated by the society and the same goes for sin. He says that the good maybe forced to do bad while the bad maybe forced to do good as dictated by the society. ConclusionIn the tradition of religion and theology, the definition of sin is related to the problem on evil. The question addresed in this paper is whether sin leads to evil or evil leads to sin. The definition of evil and sin according to several theologians were explored in this paper in order to understand the relationship between evil and sin. Based from the literatures studied, it is said that the relationship between evil and sin can be associated with reconciliation, salvation, the fall of Adam and the society itself, and morality.It is clearly manifested that the connection between sin and evil can be interchangeable such that evil can lead to sin and sin can lead to evil. The interchangeable connection is due to the observed ju dgement that evil and sin have the same feature as the deviation from what man ought to be. In this sense, all evil can be sin but not all sins are considered evil due to the fact that sin comprises only the moral and spiritual side of the humanity. The inquiry on whether every sin is evil is answered on the definition of evil in which various theologians categorize into various theories.This paper has observed that every theologian has his or her own conception on evil and sin and it is evident that their concepts have been derived from other theologians who took insights also from other thinkers. This is to say that evil and sin can be both the same in a sense that they both have the same characteristics constructed by thinkers who draw insights from their influences. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aquinas, Thomas. The Subject and Approach of the De Malo, in On Evil, eds. Richard J. Regan and Brian Davies.New York Oxford University Press, 2003. Aquinas, Thomas, Summa Theologiae Volume 25 Sin. New Y ork Cambridge University Press, 2006. Lacoste, Jean-Yves, ed. Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, Vol 1. New York Routledge, 2005. Mann,William E. Augustine on Evil and Original Sin, in The Cambridge Companion to Augustine, eds. Eleonore Stump and Norman Kretzmann. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001. Wogaman, J. Philip. Christian Ethics A Historical Introduction. Kentucky Westminster/John knox Press, 1993.

Attending Skills Essay

Bolton, in his book multitude Skills (1979), describes aid as giving each(prenominal) of your physical attention to an other person. The process of attending, whether you realize it or not, has a considerable impact on the quality of communication that goes on between ii people. For example, by attending you ar asseverateing to the other person I am intersted in what you have to say, however, a lack of good attending communicates that I really dont care ab stunned what you have to say. The personate piece of tail be drilld as a tool to advance good communication.This is done through positioning the parts of the body so that they invite and hold an inter ad hominem relation. A relaxed alertness expressed by body baby-sit seems best suited for fostering good communication. Bolton offers these suggestions to establish a posture of involvment * Lean toward the speaker. This will communicate energy and attentiveness. * Face the other squarly (i. e. , your rectify sholuder to the speakers left). This communicates your involvment. It is especially crucial for you to position yourself so that you are at eye level with the speaker if you are seen as a authority figure.This will grasp feelings of threat and can greatly aid in forming an interpersonal relationship. * Maintaining an open posture is in addition important for fostering interpersonal relatedness. A closed posture (i. e. , crossed arms and or legs) often communicates coldness and defensiveness. * You also need to be aware of your proximity to the speaker. We all have a concept of personal space. When those boundaries are crossed it puts the other on the defensive and makes them feel uncomfortable. However, to much distance communicates aloofness and disconectedness.Body motion, its a funny thing invite you ever paid attention to what your hands were doing during the chassis of a confabulation? Some of us simply shove them in our pockets or let them pay heed aimlessly by our sides. Then th ere are others, like me, who tend to fling them around as if to place some kind of emphasis on each word There is such a thing as too little and too much. Body motion is good but it can be over done if you are not careful. The purpose of gesturing when you are listening is to encourage the speaker to continue speaking.This can most easily be done with a periodic head nod. A good listener moves his or her body in response to the speaker. Effective eye contact says that you are visually attuned to what the speaker is saying. Good eye contact involves focusing on the speakers face and occasionally shifting the focus to other parts of the body. The key is that the other is aware that they have your attention because your eyes are on them. Good eye contact should seem born(p) to the other person. What ever you do, dont stare them down. This makes you seem anxious and sometimes critical of them.The environment where the communication takes place is also an important factor in whether an interpersonal relationship can be formed. It is not always posible to move the conversation into a private room or office, but every attempt should be made to quail the number of distractions that are present. In his book, The Skilled Helper (1998), Gerad Egan offers what he has labled the Micro Skills of Attending. The are very close to the infomation I have presented above from Boltons People Skills. He has developed the future(a) acronym to help counseling students remeber these vital skills in communication.The listener has a specific responsibility in the course of communication. That is to stay out of the speakers way and to try and follow where he or she is leading. The goal of listening is not responding but apprehending what is trying to be communicated. A door undoer is a noncoercive inivitation to chew up. Sometimes door openers are not necessay to get the ball rolling, but may be needed later in the conversation if the speaker does not seem to want to continue. Doo r openers dont have to be verbal cues, a good listener can also use his or her body to send the signal I am interested, you have my attention, please tell me more. The four elements of a door opener, as discussed, by Bolton are (1) A discription of the other persons body language (i. e. , you dont look like you are feeling well today. ) (2) An invitation to talk (3) Silence (to give the other person time to decide if they want to talk and what they are going to say. ) (4) Attending (this inclueds all of the attending skills that are discused on the attending skills page. ) What on earth are minimal encourages? In the attempt to follow it is important not to become a nonparticipant in the conversation.Minimal encourages refers to the summation the listener speakes and the amount of direction the listener gives to the conversation, which should be very little. Sometimes encouragement is needed but the speaker needs to remain in book of the conversation. The same is true for questio ning as is for encouraging. The problem is not questioning itself but the fact that most people do not do it well. more or less people ask closed questions that only require specific and short answers such as yes and no. The trick is to ask open questions that are designed to spur the conversation on when it gets stuck.This means that questioning will be relatively infrequent. Finally, attentive silence is one of the most important elements in following the listener. We live in a culture in which silence is not comfortable. We often inturpert it as a cue that we need to jump in and say something. In fact, silence is an opportunity for the speaker to reflect on what he or she has said and to gather their thoughts before their next statment. What we say is not as important as giving the speaker the time he or she needs to clearly communicate their point.An important aspect of listening is to help the listner elucidate his or her communication so that they can get their meaning acro ss. To practice reflective listening is to serve as a mirror for the person speaking. matchless way that the speaker can do this is through paraphrasing. A paraphrase is a conscise response to the speaker that restates the essence of the communication in the listeners own words. The paraphrase deals with facts or ideas and not the emotions.In this respect it focuses the content of the speakers message. Another aspect of reflecting is the mirroring back of the speakers emotions as they make their statments. It is important to tune into the speakers emotions. If we, as listeners, miss the feeling content we have missed a major part of the speakers reception and experience. Reflecting feelings also give the speaker an opportunity to evaluate how he or she is responding to a problem situation.Not only should the listener reflect feeling, he or she also needs to reflect meaning. Content + feeling = meaning. Sounds simple, doesnt it? But, if you get the feelings wrong or the content wro ng then you cant understand the speaker. Reflecting meaning alows you to be sure you are getting what the speaker is saying. Reflecting feeling and content are the baby steps to reflecting meaning. Meaning expression can use the basic empathic formula you feel _______ because _________ , or some variation on this formla.After a while the formula will disaper and a natural empathic responding style will develop. Finally, there is the concept of sumative reflections. This reflective response is designed to recap the major themes of the conversation and comes after an extended period of the conversation. During the course of the conversation bits of useless information can acrue. The sumation can serve to help the speaker to sort through the litter and to construct a more terminated and compact conceptualization of the issue being discussed.

Project Manager Essay

I do firmly believe that the notification of Terry was very in withdraw for that matter. Based on the habituated scenario, it clearly states there that the interview of Terry is an engineer group and non just any in the raw(prenominal) individuals which are more concern on the technical aspect of the confound that she was presenting in front of the latter. She keeps on discussing things that do not fall under the role of the engineers on the said thrust or on the things that concerns the engineering group.Why discuss the importance of the image to the engineering group if they care less on that matter since these group works based on the procedures on how a new product is to be produced and they do not give even a single care or responsibility on the importance of that certain product to the company. In opposite words, Terry dwell much on the external qualities of the product and not on the internal qualities of the project which was take by the engineering group like th e specifics of the product and the procedures that they would have to conduct in order to produce the said product line in effect and efficiently.Moreover, she discussed dates and milestones of the products which are not very important of the part of the engineering group. The said presentation unless becomes appropriate if Terry is presenting the product to the board of directors of the company as a project proposal for a new product since the presentation give more emphasis on the benefits and significance of the product to the company and not on the technical aspects of the products as what is being needed by the engineering group.It seems that Terry did not take into consideration the kind or type of audience or listeners when she was preparing for the said presentation with the engineering group. Answer 2 One possible way through which Terry could improve her presentation is to concentrate more on discussing the specifics of the product like giving the engineering team first o f the birds eye view of the occupation flow of the product to be produced and then after which a detail explanation of each part of the production flow to guide the engineers what to do when they set their foot on the production line.Moreover, this would give the engineering group skills and information on how to deal with certain problems that major power arise during the production process of the product since they already know how every aspect of the production works for the entire system. Furthermore, it is best for Terry to familiarize her ego with engineering terms and languages, basic term would do, so as to switch the transfer of information from her side going to the engineering group easier and faster (Busse & Zettelmeyer, 2007).It is just like knowing what are the effective way of communicating with other people is, you choose the language or the wordings of the individual/group of people to make the conversation more effective and easier (Foulger, 2004). Moreover, Terry should also familiarize her self with the possible problems or issues that might come out along with the commencement of the production of the said new product. This was one of the major problems that she encountered when the members of the engineering group started to charter question regarding the possible issues that might arise during the conduct of the production of the said new product.By familiarizing the possible problems of producing the new product line of the company, it only tells us that she is prepared in presenting the new product to the engineering group and she knows every single aspect of the production processes of producing that certain new product. Answer 3 As for the action of Terry, I would be best if she heard first the questions of the engineering group before acting unprofessionally.She may not know the practise to the questions being raised by the engineering team but it would be a good source of pointers on how to make a better presentation the ne xt time she would be asked to do the same task again. Moreover, she could have just admit that she lack preparation and very willing to entertain questions regarding the project just in case she might encounter questions that she can answer. As for those questions that she could really no longer answer, Terry could list them down and make a research for those questions and set a new date another presentation of the new product.Walking out in the middle of the presentation is very wrong in the world of corporate profession. On every things that one person is about to do, he/she must handle it gracefully or in other words everyone in the corporate world must possess the value of grace under pressure so as to establish rapport with other people on his/her immediate environment. Terry did not have the guts to admit in front of the engineering group that she missed the details of the questions that the origin are raising.Admitting that she was not prepared is better-off than just walki ng out of the room without even finishing the presentation in front of the important personalities for the success of the new product of the company (DeCenzo, Robbins, Stewart & Stuart-Kotze, 2005). Answer 4 As for the project manager, it is his responsibility to shoulder the mess that Terry had left on the presentation room. Saying misfortunate to the engineering group must be the first thing that he should do regarding the unprofessional act of Terry.After this, since the project manager has the full knowledge over the project, it would be best of the part of the marketing department if he would be the one to continue the presentation and entertain the questions of the members of the engineering group. I count on it is also the responsibility of the project manager to justify the action of Terry and inform them that she was just new to the department and ask for the sympathy of the member of the engineering group and hoped that it would not affect the decision of the latter to buy-in the said project.With this way, there is a possibility that the member of the engineering group might understand the internet site of Terry and give the project manager another chance of setting one more meeting for the said project. Furthermore, after the meeting, it is also the responsibility of the project manager to have a talk with Terry and find out what happened on the presentation. After which, the project manager must give Terry with roughly pointers on how to handle such kind of situation and not to go along with her emotions (Bolpatra. gov, 2007).I think on this part the project manager committed a mistake as far as his responsibility to his subordinates is concerned. He should be the first one to check if his subordinates are ready enough for such kind of presentation by checking the slides of the presentation of Terry or conduct a dry-run of the presentation of Terry so as to check if her slides are appropriate for the said meeting considering that Terry was just new to the marketing department. Answer 5 One of the best ways to get the engineering group to go with the buy-in is to offer them with great incentives and privileges if the latter would accept the said project.High salary and additional benefits, say health benefits, are really hard to resist and this might be a good tactic to get the nod of the engineering group. Another way to get the engineerings group buy-in would be I would be the one to present the project after the engineering team gave us another chance to present the project and giving them the assurance that by then all of their questions will be answered clearly and smoothly since as the project manager I have all the information and knowledge needed to answer their questions and any queries regarding the specifications of the new product of the company.I think, after having the said two strategies to get the engineering groups buy-in, there is a tumid possibility that we have the nod of the engineering group for the said project.ReferencesBolpatra. gov. (2007). Roles and Responsibilities of the Project Manager and Key Staff. Retrieved December 9, 2007, from http//www. bolpatra. gov. np/admin/information_upl/1089883861YV. pdf Busse, M. & Zettelmeyer, F. (2007).Some Pointers For Preparing Presentations. Retrieved December 9, 2007, from http//faculty. haas. berkeley. edu/meghan/300/On_presentations. pdf DeCenzo, Robbins, Stewart & Stuart-Kotze. (2005). managerial Ethics. Retrieved December 9, 2007, from foba. lakeheadu. ca/mirabelli/1511/ch02. ppt Foulger, D. (2004). Models of the Communication Process. Retrieved December 9, 2007, from http//foulger. info/davis/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication. htm